Gettysburg 1863: An Ends–Ways–Means Critique of Lee's Northern Invasion

In June–July 1863 General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia mounted a strategic offensive into Union territory, culminating in the Battle of Gettysburg (1–3 July 1863) in south-central Pennsylvania. Key Confederate actors included General Robert E. Lee, Lieutenant Generals James Longstreet and Richard S. Ewell, and cavalry commander J.E.B. Stuart. Opposing them was the Union Army of the Potomac, commanded from 28 June by Major General George G. Meade, with corps commanders such as Winfie…